Survey data collected via the internet has been argued to be an acceptable method for collecting large, heterogeneous samples with hard‐to‐reach populations.
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Use of the internet allowed a greater degree of anonymity with an increased likelihood of participation compared with other recruitment methods. Because of cultural stigma, direct interpersonal forms of outreach were not feasible for accessing a large community sample, and probabilistic sampling of GBQ men in the Japanese national population would arguably achieve a low yield. The internet was used to recruit a sample of Japanese GBQ men. This research examined rates and correlates of mental health functioning, including history of attempted suicide. Owing to the lack of research into the psychological well‐being of Japanese GBQ men, there is a potential for an overlooked public health problem facing this group. Mental health consequences of anti‐homosexual bias might be heightened in Japanese GBQ men, as their culture tends to emphasise public honour and avoidance of shame, both of which can be compromised by societal views of these men's sexual behaviours or sexual identities. Japanese men who openly acknowledge same‐sex behaviour or who identify themselves as homosexual or bisexual may often encounter forms of discrimination, including verbal intimidation or physical abuse. 12, 13 Japanese men who experience psychological tension from their homosexual feelings might not identify themselves as homosexual, and might experience difficulty disclosing their same‐sex feelings to others. Japanese culture tends to be conservative about sexuality, and same‐sex sexual behaviour in Japan is viewed particularly negatively. 11įew known studies have examined the psychological well‐being of GBQ men in Japan. 7, 8, 9, 10 A study of young homosexual men (18–27 years of age) in the US found that 37% of respondents had experienced verbal harassment, 22% had experienced discrimination and 5% had experienced physical violence in the recent past. 4, 5, 6 Mental health problems among homosexuals are related to social stigma and prejudice. 1, 2, 3 High rates of attempted suicide have been documented among homosexual and bisexual men compared with heterosexual men. Homosexual and bisexual men are vulnerable to mental health problems, including emotional distress, anxiety and depression. Prior research has suggested that exposure to anti‐homosexual bias can have important psychological and public health consequences. Japanese men who are gay, bisexual or questioning their sexual orientation (GBQ) may confront interpersonal and social bias because of their sexual orientation and sexual behaviours. Same‐sex sexual behaviour is highly stigmatised in Japan and is commonly regarded as a source of personal and family shame.